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Electores-soldados o electores-ciudadanos

Enviado el 21/12/2011

Alfredo Quintanilla

El discurso presidencial por el Día del Ejército en la Pampa de la Quinua despertó enormes inquietudes en los espíritus democráticos, sobre todo por su consecuencia inmediata: al día siguiente, el primer ministro fue reemplazado por un militar. El discurso, ciertamente, fue un llamado a los militares para recordarles su gran misión histórica: la defensa de la nación y su labor tutelar en la solución de los conflictos internos. “El  soldado es como un sacerdote, está más allá del bien y del mal” se dijo. Pero también fue un llamado a los millones de electores-soldados que durante décadas han formado las Fuerzas Armadas entre los conscriptos, suboficiales y oficiales y sus familias, que viven en Cajamarca, en Bagua, en Andahuaylas, en Puno y en Miraflores.

¿A qué me estoy refiriendo? A que el Jefe Supremo de las Fuerzas Armadas siente que la Patria está agónica y que los únicos que pueden salvarla son los militares, siempre y cuando no se contaminen con la política y lo que ella implica: el debate, la argumentación de las discrepancias, la negociación, el “toma y daca”, las concesiones, las revisiones y finalmente, las votaciones. De ahí resultó que suenen lógicas las dos propuestas de política que coronaron el llamamiento: el retiro del derecho a voto para militares en actividad y el retorno del Servicio Militar Obligatorio.

Nadie en su sano juicio, puede negar los enormes aportes que a lo largo del Siglo XX tuvo el Ejército y el Servicio Militar Obligatorio en la construcción de la Nación y del Estado: alfabetización y formación laboral de los jóvenes campesinos, campañas de vacunación rural, construcción de infraestructura vial, servicios de transporte en zonas aisladas, auxilio en desastres naturales, formación de cuadros técnicos y hasta tecnócratas de primer nivel en el CAEM. Nadie puede negar que hasta el día de hoy en el Ejército y en los otros institutos persiste, en lo fundamental, una línea de carrera meritocrática que está ausente en el resto del aparato estatal.

La influencia de la vida militar sobre la sociedad peruana es enorme. Particularmente en las escuelas. Los maestros-sargentos abundan, incluidos los sutepistas. Esos que gritan, maltratan, humillan y se burlan de los alumnos que no aprenden o que son demasiado preguntones o bromistas.  También los directores-capitanes y los directores de UGEL que se sienten comandantes o coroneles y que en sus discursos siempre hablan de las Fuerzas Armadas como “instituciones tutelares de la Patria”. Esos que quisieran que sus opiniones fueran tomadas como órdenes que fuesen acatadas sin dudas ni murmuraciones. Abundan entre los que con devoción preparan los desfiles escolares o acuden  embelesados a ver la Parada militar. Y entre los adolescentes que sueñan con vestir el uniforme de la Escuela Militar de Chorrillos.

Hombres muy bien intencionados e impacientes, a lo largo de la historia, han pedido concentrar en una sola mano las decisiones que ponen en juego el destino de un pueblo: desde el rey David hasta Napoleón, pasando por los Césares,  y Pachacútec y el mariscal Castilla, entre nosotros. Los electores-soldados son los seguidores de esos caudillos a los que reclaman como tutores para que resuelvan los problemas de un país o de una comunidad. Son los que se sintieron cómodos con Leguía, Sánchez Cerro, Odría, Velasco y Fujimori, sin importar el programa político que enarbolasen. Muchos de los votantes de Ollanta son electores-soldados, algunos, sin saberlo. Son los que están a la espera de que las soluciones vengan siempre de arriba.

Quienes ven con esos ojos la historia, y no son cínicos, quisieran no ver el paréntesis duro que significó el conflicto con Sendero y la guerra sucia. Parecieran disculparse pensando que todas las guerras son sucias. Por otro lado, esta visión idílica de la función militar en nuestra sociedad, cree que la corrupción militar que campeó en tiempos del fujimorismo –y que tiene a varios generales entre rejas y a otros prófugos- se debe a que algunos civiles los corrompieron. De ahí la propuesta de devolverlos a los cuarteles y quitarles el derecho a elegir para que no se relacionen con políticos (“porque si votan también tienen derecho a recibir capacitación o visitas de políticos”) que, al tratar de ganar sus voluntades y votos, pudieran, también, ofrecerles la bolsa que los pierda.

Los que reclaman una política de mano dura para resolver conflictos sociales, en el fondo añoran la vida de cuartel (o de convento).  Allí, donde las jerarquías están claramente establecidas, donde los espacios están delimitados: dormitorios, campos de entrenamiento, arsenal, comedor, duchas. Donde el uso del tiempo está claramente fijado, incluyendo las horas de diversión y hasta las de la misa de campaña. Todo problema que surge entre iguales –aún si llegan a los puños- es resuelto por el superior. Si el superior no es justo, cabe apelar al superior del superior hasta encontrar una solución equitativa para las partes. Pero la insubordinación es inconcebible. Resulta el pecado más nefasto. Por eso, la mayor virtud militar, después del valor, es la disciplina. Toda la formación militar está dirigida a enfrentar al enemigo y en esa hora suprema, no cabe discusión alguna.

Vivir en una sociedad cualquiera es exactamente lo contrario a un cuartel. Los que no la entienden creen que se trata de una jungla. Pero es el campo de lo plural y lo diverso, de lo desordenado y lo inverosímil, donde convergen millones de intereses y gustos distintos, que, sin embargo, resuelven sus discrepancias y controversias cada segundo del día, sin agarrarse a tiros o cuchilladas, cediendo un poco, bromeando otro, gritando o amenazando. Miles de años de evolución nos han conducido a esta edad en la que la palabra ha reemplazado al garrote o la piedra. Sólo los antisociales recurren a la violencia. O los pacíficos, cuya paciencia ha sido colmada. Entender la diferencia es poner la Política –con mayúsculas- al mando.

Solucionar problemas en democracia toma tiempo. Porque deben ser consultados todos los actores. Esa es su desventaja frente a resolverlos manu militari. Pero a diferencia de este método, los de la democracia proveen soluciones duraderas y alimentan la corresponsabilidad de los electores-ciudadanos en la forja del bienestar y del bien común. La cosa se complica en un Estado que sólo es democrático por el nombre y la tentación de volver atrás, hacia la eficacia de la mano dura y la voz tonante,  es muy grande. Quizá, otra forma de ver el viraje de las últimas semanas es que, a lo mejor, Ollanta Humala se debate interiormente entre esa visión idílica del elector-soldado en la que fue educado y la del elector-ciudadano que empezó a desarrollar cuando se rebeló en Locumba contra un caudillo y unos jefes corruptos. O hay una pugna irresuelta entre sus sentimientos y razones etnocaceristas y la adhesión al patriotismo que nos propone Basadre.

 

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es verdad los que compran el oro a los mineros informales estan haciendo de las suyas pagando el precio q ellos kieren y en realidad el precio no a cambiado quisiera saber si es verdad que a ellos les estan descontado el 20 porciento de la venta del oro q ellos compran porq esa es la escusa q ellos ponen o dicen q nadies quiere comprar el precio en ica esta entre 50 y 70 el cual antes estaba en 100 y 120 Leer más >>
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