La Cantuta: Memoria para la justicia
Jo-Marie Burt¿Sabía usted que en el Perú 15,000 personas fueron desaparecidas durante el periodo de la violencia política? ¿Sabía usted que a pesar de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, que logró identificar a 4600 centros de entierro clandestino, hasta hoy en día apenas se ha exhumado 1800 cuerpos?
El lunes 18 de julio se cumplen 19 años de la desaparición de nueve estudiantes y un profesor de la Universidad Enrique Guzmán y Valle “La Cantuta”. Es un caso que ha dado vuelto al mundo, y que ha llegado a considerarse emblemático no sólo por la naturaleza tan vil del crimen —las víctimas fueron secuestradas de sus dormitorios en medio de la noche, torturadas y asesinadas, y luego sus cuerpos incinerados para evitar su identificación— sino también por la lucha incansable y persistente de los familiares de las víctimas por encontrar la verdad sobre el destino de sus seres queridos y justicia para los responsables del crimen (1). Lucha que luego de muchos años terminó con la sentencia histórica contra Alberto Fujimori como el autor mediato de ese y otros crímenes.
Todos los años se realiza un acto para recordar a La Cantuta; se realizan misas para recordar a cada una de las diez víctimas; y se hace una romería en el cementerio El Ángel donde están enterrados los restos de los estudiantes cuyos restos han sido encontrados (de hecho sólo el cuerpo de uno de los estudiantes, Luis Enrique Ortiz Perea, fue encontrado entero; se encontró restos de algunas de las víctimas; pero todavía varios se mantienen en calidad de desaparecidos por no tener información alguna sobre el destino de sus cuerpos).
Hace unos meses se estrenó un documental sobre el caso, “La Cantuta en la boca del diablo” (2). Reconstruye los hechos así como la incansable lucha de los familiares por encontrar verdad y justicia, y destaca el papel de la prensa, sobre todo del reportero de La República Edmundo Cruz, de investigar a fondo el crimen y ayudar a identificar a los responsables. No olvidemos que originalmente el gobierno de Fujimori echó la culpa de la desaparición de los estudiantes a Sendero Luminoso, cuando era el Grupo Colina, escuadrón de la muerte enquistada en los servicios de Inteligencia de las Fuerzas Armadas peruanas, el que perpetró el crimen.
Para los familiares hacer memoria sobre este crimen es una manera de reconocer y recordar a sus seres queridos, cuyos vidas fueron cortadas de manera arbitraria y violenta. Es una manera de afirmar su humanidad y de recordar a los demás miembros de la comunidad política peruana e internacional que eran ciudadanos que fueron víctimas del terrorismo del Estado, algo que pudo haber ocurrido a cualquiera en esa época. Pero también es una manera de exigir justicia.
En ese sentido, el caso de La Cantuta ha tenido logros muy importantes, gracias a la lucha incansable de los familiares: frente a la negativa de la justicia en el Perú lograron que la Corte Interamericana adjudicara su caso, teniendo como resultado una sentencia que establece claramente la responsabilidad del Estado en la desaparición de los nueve estudiantes y el profesor y exigiendo que el Estado procese y castigue a los responsables y repare a los familiares de las víctimas. Luego de conseguir la extradición de Alberto Fujimori, el principal responsable de la desaparición de los estudiantes, fue sometido a un juicio impecable donde fue encontrado culpable en ese y otros casos y sentenciado a 25 años de prisión. Pero aún falta culminar otros procesos judiciales pendientes en ese caso —como los juicios contra Vladimiro Montesinos y Nicolás Hermoza Ríos— y de encontrar los restos de varios de los estudiantes que siguen, hasta hoy día, 19 años después, en condición de desaparecidos.
Hace poco, en una audiencia realizada por el caso de robo de bebes durante la dictadura militar (1976-1983) en Argentina, el joven Alejandro Sandoval, que en 2006 recuperó su identidad como hijo de una pareja, y que siendo bebe fue desaparecido por los militares y entregado a una familia militar, rogó a los abogados defensores de los militares a que sus patrocinados digan dónde están los demás niños y niñas que fueron apropiados durante la dictadura militar (3). Al final de la audiencia, donde enfrentó a sus apropiadores, Sandoval dijo: “Me gustaría decirles a ustedes, los abogados defensores, ya que tienen vínculos porque son sus defendidos, si les podrían pedir que junten fuerza para decir el origen nuestro, estaría bueno que ustedes los obliguen a decir dónde están todos y por qué lo hicieron”.
Estas dos palabras: “¿Dónde están?” es un interrogatorio vivo, que parte de los años oscuros de terrorismo de Estado en toda la región latinoamericana, desde Chile y Argentina hasta Perú y Centro América. Los tribunales internacionales han reconocido el derecho de las víctimas, y de la misma sociedad, de saber que pasó con las personas desaparecidas por el accionar del Estado. Es un deber moral y ético que ayudaría mucho hacia la ansiada reconciliación nacional, concepto que carece de sentido a menos que esté acompañado de gestos y acciones concretas diseñadas a reparar el daño causado a las víctimas y a sus familiares. Pero falta que los Estados asuman su responsabilidad como ente que tiene que dar esa información.
En el Perú hubo 15 mil personas desaparecidos durante el período de la violencia política (4). La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación logró identificar a 4,600 sitios clandestinos de entierro donde estarían sepultados buena parte de ellos. Pero hasta ahora, apenas se ha logrado identificar, a través de las exhumaciones, algunas realizadas por el Instituto de Medicina Legal, otras por organismos no gubernamentales como el Equipo de Antropología Forense (EPAF), a 1,800 de ellas. Significa que aún falta identificar a 13,300 peruanos, tarea urgente para la sociedad peruana y que tanto el gobierno de Alejandro Toledo como el de Alan García no quisieron asumir. Ojala que el nuevo gobierno tenga otra actitud, de energía y compasión frente a este tema, pues no es justo pedirles a los familiares de La Cantuta, así como de los otros miles de casos, que sigan esperando.
Notas:
(1) Ver el testimonio ante la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación de Gisela Ortiz, familiar del caso La Cantuta: http://www.cverdad.org.pe/apublicas/audiencias/atematicas/at03_Vcaso.php
(2) http://enlabocadeldiablo.com/
(3) http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-172025-2011-07-12.html
(4) http://www.tribunalatina.com/es/notices/cruz_roja_en_peru_hay_15_000_desaparecidos_18213.php
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