¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos regionales?
Fernando Romero Bolaños
En más de una oportunidad hemos escuchado, en medio de las tensiones que producen los conflictos sociales, la queja de las autoridades nacionales por la ausencia de los presidentes regionales, aduciendo que son ellos los que deberían “sacar la cara” en defensa del Estado, ante las protestas que suceden en sus jurisdicciones. Sin embargo, para que esto suceda algunas cosas deben cambiar.
Por un lado, hay competencias que el gobierno nacional ha transferido a los gobiernos regionales que han resultado siendo un “presente griego”. Es el caso de la atribución de otorgar concesiones y fiscalizar a la pequeña minería, responsabilidades bastante sensibles y complejas que se hallan lejos de la capacidad institucional que actualmente tiene este nivel del Estado, así como de las otras competencias que tiene a su cargo. (1)
Y es que, como sabemos, no se trata solamente de la denominada pequeña minería, -en la que existen serios esfuerzos por formalizarla y hacerla social y ambientalmente responsable- , sino de la minería informal/ilegal, que posiblemente se inició como respuesta a la pobreza, pero que hoy forma parte de un sistema en el que, teniendo como centro la actividad extractiva, confluyen además el trabajo infantil, la explotación sexual, causando serios impactos ambientales pero también sociales y culturales; en los que se hallan comprometidos grandes intereses.
Enfrentar un problema de esta envergadura requiere de una intervención integral de largo plazo, que sólo es posible llevarla a cabo si existe una articulación intergubernamental que permita promover una estrategia dirigida a promover una propuesta de desarrollo regional-que incluya una plan de ordenamiento territorial-, con la fuerza necesaria para detener la expansión de esta actividad.
Por otro lado, se hallan las políticas nacionales, principalmente las que tienen que ver con los grandes proyectos de inversión –que han sido las que generalmente han producido los más serios conflictos- (2), que son decididas y gestionadas prácticamente de espaldas a las regiones, al punto que en algunos casos alcaldes y autoridades regionales han participado en las protestas o las han considerado legítimas. Es cuando el conflicto estalla que el gobierno nacional demanda el involucramiento de la región.
Esto puede cambiar si es que el gobierno nacional toma la iniciativa de involucrar de manera efectiva a los gobiernos subnacionales en el diseño de políticas que van a tener un impacto significativo en sus jurisdicciones, y en el proceso de implementación de los procedimientos administrativos dirigidos a hacer realidad los proyectos de inversión.
No se trata que los gobiernos subnacionales sean los encargados de decidir o autorizar estas inversiones, pero sí que participen y brinden una opinión técnica basada en sus planes de desarrollo y de ordenamiento territorial, en el caso que ya cuenten con ellos. Sin duda, esta intervención debe ser promovida en base de las capacidades que los gobiernos regionales demuestren haber desarrollado.
En ese sentido queremos resaltar la iniciativa del gobierno regional de Arequipa que ha presentado ante el Congreso un proyecto de ley que busca “…bajo el principio de subsidiariedad… (que) los gobiernos regionales puedan brindar una opinión técnica ambiental y social sobre la evaluación del impacto ambiental que declare la viabilidad de proyectos de inversión público y privada, en su jurisdicción”. (3) Como señala la exposición, no se busca disminuir las competencias del gobierno nacional, sino que exista la obligación de tomar en cuenta la opinión de los gobiernos regionales.
Propuestas como estas permitirían un efectivo involucramiento de los gobiernos regionales en la explicación del impacto de estos proyectos ante la ciudadanía de su jurisdicción y, por ende, en el tratamiento del conflicto social que pudiera producirse.
Finalmente, es en el nivel regional y local donde deberían desarrollarse las capacidades necesarias para la prevención de los conflictos, para identificar los motivos que los generan, más allá de posiciones que parecen ser “anti inversión”, cuando en realidad tienen a la base demandas de defensa de sus medios de vida, de reconocimiento, inclusión y participación.
Notas
1. Las direcciones regionales de minería no cuentan con personal, ni recursos para enfrentar un problema de esta envergadura.
2. En otros casos ha sido la creación de universidades pro el Congreso, respondiendo a intereses locales.
3. Acuerdo regional No. 053-2011-gra/CR- Arequipa. Exposición de motivos. Proyecto de Ley 00077/2011-GR.
Haykapikaman Suyasun
Programa Radial (Huanta)Entrevistado: Jorge Manco Zaconetti, especialista en hidrocarburos y energía :
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Tema: Sobre el Proyecto de Ley que busca incrementar el FOCAM
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Hace unos años en una co -
Hace unos años en una co - investigación para el IEP analizabamos el uso de las autonomías de los gobiernos subnacionales; ahí señalabamos serios problemas para la formulación de normas legales en temas como las que aquí se plantean que consideran que hay que tener una Ley del gobierno nacional para tener una opinión técnica sobre el tema ambiental. Hecho que no es necesario para el uso de tales atribuciones.
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